Is the RWGS a viable route for CO2 conversion to added value products? A techno-economic study to understand the optimal RWGS conditions.

Understanding the viability of the RWGS from a thermodynamic and techno-economic angle opens new horizons within CO2 conversion technologies. Unfortunately, profitability studies of this technology are scarce in literature and mainly focused on overall conversion and selectivity trends with tangential remarks on energy demands and process costs. To address this research gap, herein we present a comprehensive techno-economic study of the RWGS reaction when coupling with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is envisaged to produced fuels and chemicals using CO2 as building block. We showcase a remarkable impact of operating conditions in the final syngas product and both CAPEX and OPEX. From a capital investment perspective, optimal situations involve RWGS unit running at low temperatures and high pressures as evidenced by our results. However, from the running cost angle, operating at 4 bar is the most favorable alternative within the studied scenarios. Our findings showcase that, no matter the selected temperature the RWGS unit should be preferentially run at intermediate pressures. Ultimately, our work maps out multiple operating scenarios in terms of energy demand and process cost serving as guideline to set optimal reaction conditions to unlock the potential of the RWGS for chemical CO2 recycling.

Techno-Economic Comparison of Integration Options for an Oxygen Transport Membrane Unit into a Coal Oxy-Fired Circulating Fluidized Bed Power Plant.

The inclusion of membrane-based oxygen-fired combustion in power plants is considered an emerging technology that could reduce carbon emissions in a more efficient way than cryogenic oxygen-fired processes. In this paper, a techno-economic assessment was developed for a 863 MWel,net power plant to demonstrate whether this CCS technique results in a reduction in efficiency losses and economic demand. Four configurations based on oxygen transport membranes were considered, while the benchmark cases were the air combustion process without CO2 capture and a cryogenic oxygen-fired process. The type of driving force through the membrane (3-end or 4-end), the point of integration into the oxy-fuel combustion process, the heating system, and the pollutant control system were aspects considered in this work. In comparison, the efficiency losses for membrane-based alternatives were lower than those in the cryogenic oxygen-fired process, reaching savings of up to 14% net efficiency. Regarding the specific energy consumption for CO2 capture, the configuration based on the oxygen transport membrane unit with 4-end mode and hot filtration presented 1.01 kWel,net,·h/kgCO2 captured with 100% CO2 recovery, which is an improvement of 11% compared with the cases using cryogenic oxygen. Comparing economic aspects, the specific investment costs for cases based on the oxygen transport membrane unit varied between 2520 and 2942 $/kWel,net·h. This was between 39.6 and 48.2% above the investment for the reference case without carbon capture. However, its hypothetical implantation could suppose a savings of 10.7% in terms of investment cost compared with cryogenic oxygen-based case. In terms of the levelized cost of electricity and the cost of CO2 avoidance, the oxygen transport membrane configurations achieved more favorable results compared with the cryogenic route, reaching savings up to 14 and 38%, respectively. Although oxygen transport membrane units are currently not mature for commercial-scale applications, the results indicated that its application within carbon capture and storage technologies can be strongly competitive.

K-Promoted Ni-Based Catalysts for Gas-Phase CO2 Conversion: Catalysts Design and Process Modelling Validation.

The exponential growth of greenhouse gas emissions and their associated climate change problems have motivated the development of strategies to reduce CO2 levels via CO2 capture and conversion. Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction has been targeted as a promising pathway to convert CO2 into syngas which is the primary reactive in several reactions to obtain high-value chemicals. Among the different catalysts reported for RWGS, the nickel-based catalyst has been proposed as an alternative to the expensive noble metal catalyst. However, Ni-based catalysts tend to be less active in RWGS reaction conditions due to preference to CO2 methanation reaction and to the sintering and coke formation. Due to this, the aim of this work is to study the effect of the potassium (K) in Ni/CeO2 catalyst seeking the optimal catalyst for low-temperature RWGS reaction. We synthesised Ni-based catalyst with different amounts of K:Ni ratio (0.5:10, 1:10, and 2:10) and fully characterised using different physicochemical techniques where was observed the modification on the surface characteristics as a function of the amount of K. Furthermore, it was observed an improvement in the CO selectivity at a lower temperature as a result of the K-Ni-support interactions but also a decrease on the CO2 conversion. The 1K catalyst presented the best compromise between CO2 conversion, suppression of CO2 methanation and enhancing CO selectivity. Finally, the experimental results were contrasted with the trends obtained from the thermodynamics process modelling observing that the result follows in good agreement with the modelling trends giving evidence of the promising behaviour of the designed catalysts in CO2 high-scale units.

Characterization of emissions of condensable particulate matter under real operation conditions in cement clinker kilns using complementary experimental techniques.

Historically, the emission of particles from clinker kiln stacks has been one of the main environmental concerns in cement manufacturing processes. Up to now, environmental regulations have only focused on determining and controlling filterable particulate matter (FPM) in industrial emission sources. However, in recent years a growing interest in determining and analysing condensable particulate matter (CPM) has been evidenced due to the significant and established contribution of CPM to total emissions of particulate matter (PM). In this work, total PM (FPM + CPM) emissions from a clinker kiln in a cement manufacturing process have been characterized. A series of tests were performed to simultaneously collect FPM and CPM using a sampling train patented by University of Seville. The results showed very low level of emissions compared to regulatory limits. The average FPM and CPM concentrations obtained in the kiln were in the same order of magnitude, at 3.4 mg/Nm3 and 2.8 mg/Nm3, respectively. The CPM analysed was predominantly inorganic and represented 46% of total PM emissions. In addition, a microscopic morphological analysis was carried out on the samples and confirmed the presence of CPM with a size of less than 2 µm, as well as establishing the principal constituent elements of the same. The main element components were Al, Ca, Fe, Si, C and O. Compounds such as CaCO3, alite, ferrite and dolomite were detected with analytical characterization techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD), providing a better understanding of the sources of contamination within CPM.

Validación de cinco pulsioxímetros / Validation of five pulse oximeters

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: la pulsioxímetria estima la saturación arterial de oxígeno mediante la absorción de un haz de luz infrarroja por la oxihemoglobina. OBJETIVO: determinar la validez y la confiabilidad interinstrumento de cinco pulsioxímetros comúnmente usados en la práctica clínica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio transversal, analítico, realizado del 1 de enero de 2015 al 30 de octubre de 2016, en el que se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, con línea arterial para toma de gasometría y se midió simultáneamente la saturación de oxígeno con cinco pulsioxímetros de uso habitual. Se determinaron medianas y porcentajes de los cinco pulsioxímetros entre sí mediante prueba de Friedman. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 101 pacientes, 63 hombres y 38 mujeres. Se encontró similitud en las mediciones realizadas por cada pulsioxímetro con p = 0.08; todos los oxímetros se correlacionaron de manera positiva contra la prueba patrón de referencia (correlación de Pearson). Oxímetro 1: r = 0.90; oxímetro 2: r = 0.64; oxímetro 3: r = 0.57; oxímetro 4: r = 0.84 y oxímetro 5: r = 0.89; el área bajo la curva mostró oxímetro 1 (0.89), oxímetro 2 (0.88), oxímetro 3 (0.87), oxímetro 4 (0.83), oxímetro 5 (0.85) con p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONES: el pulsioxímetro número 1 muestra el mejor rendimiento comparado con la gasometría. Al comparar los oxímetros entre sí el rendimiento es igual.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulse oximetry estimates the arterial oxygen saturation by absorption of an infrared light beam by oxyhemoglobin. OBJECTIVE: To determine the intraclass validity and reliability of five pulse oximeters commonly used in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional analytical study was done from January 1st 2015 to October 30 2016, including patients over 18 years old, with arterial line for blood gas sample and simultaneously oxygen saturation was measured with 5 pulse oximeters commonly used. Medians and percentages of the 5 pulse oximeters were determined by Friedman's test RESULTS: There were included 101 patients, 63 men and 38 women, with similarity in the measurements performed by each pulse oximeter with p = 0.08; all oximeters were positively correlated against the standard gold test (Pearson's correlation). Oximeter 1: r = 0.90; oximeter 2: r = 0.64; oximeter 3: r = 0.57; oximeter 4: r = 0.84 and oximeter 5: r = 0.89. The area under the curve showed oximeter 1 (0.89), oximeter 2 (0.88), oximeter 3 (0.87), oximeter 4 (0.83), oximeter 5 (0.85) with p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The pulse oximeter number 1 shows a better performance when compared to the gasometry. When the oximeters are compared to each other the performance is the same.

Trends in lung cancer incidence by histologic subtype in the south of Spain, 1985-2012: a population-based study

Purpose: To analyze and interpret age- and sex-specific incidence trends of lung cancer in Granada over the period 1985–2012 and to further analyze these trends by histologic subtype. Methods: Incidence data were obtained from the population-based cancer registry located in Granada (Southern Spain). All cases with newly diagnosed primary lung cancer over the period 1985–2012 (n = 8658) and defined by International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (codes C33–C34) were included. Joinpoint regression analysis of age-standardized incidence rates was used to estimate the annual percent change (APC) and 95 % confidence intervals. Results are presented overall and by sex, age groups (0-34, 35-54, 55-64, 65-74, C75 years) and histologic subtypes. Results: Temporal trends of incidence rates by sex, over the period 1985–2012, showed a distinct pattern. A significant change point of the trend was observed in males in 1994 (APC: ?2.5 %; 95 % CI 0.7-4.4 from 1985 to 1994 and -1.4 %; 95 % CI -2.0 to -0.7 from 1994 onward). This general change was mainly caused by the age group 65-74 years and by the higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma histologic subtype. In females, lung cancer incidence increased over the entire study period by +4.2 % per year (95 % CI 3.1-5.4); this trend was mainly caused by the age group 55-64 years (APC = +7 %) and by adenocarcinoma incidence between women (APC = +6.8 %). Conclusion: Male lung cancer incidence rates have decreased in Granada, while female rates have increased overall especially in younger women. These trends may reflect the increased consumption of cigarettes in women especially during younger ages. Lung cancer prevention through tobacco control policies are therefore of utmost importance (AU)

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Trends in lung cancer incidence by histologic subtype in the south of Spain, 1985-2012: a population-based study.

PURPOSE: To analyze and interpret age- and sex-specific incidence trends of lung cancer in Granada over the period 1985-2012 and to further analyze these trends by histologic subtype. METHODS: Incidence data were obtained from the population-based cancer registry located in Granada (Southern Spain). All cases with newly diagnosed primary lung cancer over the period 1985-2012 (n = 8658) and defined by International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (codes C33-C34) were included. Joinpoint regression analysis of age-standardized incidence rates was used to estimate the annual percent change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals. Results are presented overall and by sex, age groups (0-34, 35-54, 55-64, 65-74, ≥75 years) and histologic subtypes. RESULTS: Temporal trends of incidence rates by sex, over the period 1985-2012, showed a distinct pattern. A significant change point of the trend was observed in males in 1994 (APC: +2.5%; 95% CI 0.7-4.4 from 1985 to 1994 and -1.4%; 95% CI -2.0 to -0.7 from 1994 onward). This general change was mainly caused by the age group 65-74 years and by the higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma histologic subtype. In females, lung cancer incidence increased over the entire study period by +4.2% per year (95% CI 3.1-5.4); this trend was mainly caused by the age group 55-64 years (APC = +7%) and by adenocarcinoma incidence between women (APC = +6.8%). CONCLUSION: Male lung cancer incidence rates have decreased in Granada, while female rates have increased overall especially in younger women. These trends may reflect the increased consumption of cigarettes in women, especially during younger ages. Lung cancer prevention through tobacco control policies are therefore of utmost importance.

Assessment of the abiotic and biotic effects of sodium metabisulphite pulses discharged from desalination plant chemical treatments on seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa) habitats in the Canary Islands.

Reverse osmosis membranes at many desalination plants are disinfected by periodic shock treatments with sodium metabisulphite, which have potentially toxic effects to the environment for marine life, although no empirical and experimental evidence for this is yet available. The aim of this study was to characterise for the first time, the physico-chemical modification of the marine environment and its biological effects, caused by hypersaline plumes during these membrane cleaning treatments. The case study was the Maspalomas II desalination plant, located in the south of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Toxicity bioassays were performed on marine species characteristic for the infralittoral soft bottoms influenced by the brine plume (Synodus synodus and Cymodocea nodosa), and revealed a high sensitivity to short-term exposure to low sodium metabisulphite concentrations. The corrective measure of incorporating a diffusion system with Venturi Eductors reduced nearly all the areas of influence, virtually eliminating the impact of the disinfectant.

Comparison of three assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in SurePath Pap samples and the role of pre- and postcytology testing.

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common causes of sexually transmitted infections, and there is interest in screening SurePath liquid-based Pap (L-Pap) samples with Aptima Combo 2 (AC2), Amplicor (AMP), and ProbeTec ET (PT) assays. SurePath L-Pap samples and a cervical swab (CS) were collected from 394 women attending health clinics in Hamilton and Toronto, ON, Canada. L-Pap samples were tested with the three assays prior to being processed for cytology, and the CS sample was tested with AC2. The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 8.9%, and that of N. gonorrhoeae was 1.5%. By using the positives from CS testing, as well as CS negatives corresponding to L-Pap samples that tested positive in 2 of 3 assays, the sensitivities of AC2, AMP, and PT for C. trachomatis in precytology samples were calculated to be 97.1% (34 of 35 positive samples were detected), 91.4% (32 of 35 were detected), and 77.1% (27 of 35 were detected), respectively. Six women were infected with N. gonorrhoeae. After cytology processing, the results of testing the remaining liquid in the L-Pap vial and the cell-enriched fraction for C. trachomatis by AC2 showed positive agreements of 98.9% (kappa [k], 0.93) and 98.7% (k, 0.92), respectively, with the results of testing precytology L-Pap samples. Although all testing showed high specificity, testing for C. trachomatis by AC2 was significantly more sensitive than testing by PT for SurePath samples (P = 0.02). Newer versions of AMP (Cobas 4800) and PT (Q(x) with XTR technology) need published evaluations for detecting C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in L-Pap samples. C. trachomatis testing can be performed with similar results on pre- and postcytology SurePath samples.

[West syndrome: aetiology, therapeutic options, clinical course and prognostic factors]. / Sindrome de West: etiologia, opciones terapeuticas, evolucion clinica y factores pronosticos.

INTRODUCTION: West syndrome is an age-specific form of epilepsy that associates infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia and a delay in or the complete stoppage of psychomotor development, although this last case is not essential. AIMS: To define the profile of West syndrome in our environment by taking into account its aetiology, semiology, response to different therapeutic options and the appearance of side effects, as well as to establish prognostic factors that determine its course. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A data collection document stating the eligibility criteria was drafted. Data were collected by reviewing the medical records of patients diagnosed with West syndrome during the period between January 2003 and January 2009. Later, a statistical study was conducted with descriptive analysis and the level of statistical significance of the possible prognostic factors was established. RESULTS: The study included 70 patients. There was a predominance of symptomatic aetiology, with hypoxia-ischaemia as the main cause. Regardless of the aetiology, 58% of patients responded to treatment with vigabatrine. Over 80% of patients being treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone were finally seizure-free and without hypsarrhythmia. Almost half the patients progressed to other epilepsies. CONCLUSIONS: The statistically significant poor prognostic factors were: existence of a prenatal history, neonatal history, symptomatic aetiology, age of onset below 4 months, epileptic seizures before the onset of the spasms and outside the neonatal period, and delayed psychomotor development prior to the onset of the spasms.

Abilities of APTIMA, AMPLICOR, and ProbeTec assays to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in PreservCyt ThinPrep Liquid-based Pap samples.

Infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are often asymptomatic. Liquid-based Pap (L-Pap) screening may provide samples for testing by commercial assays. Women attending a health clinic or a street youth clinic had a PreservCyt ThinPrep sample and a cervical swab (CS) collected. The L-Pap sample was tested for cytopathology; then 1 ml was transferred to an L-Pap specimen transfer tube for testing by the Gen-Probe APTIMA assays (APTIMA Combo 2 [AC2], APTIMA C. trachomatis [ACT], and APTIMA N. gonorrhoeae [AGC]). The residual L-Pap sample was tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae using Roche AMPLICOR (AMP) and Becton Dickinson ProbeTec (PT). The CS was tested by AC2. A patient was considered infected if two specimens were positive or if a single specimen was positive in two tests. The prevalence of infection was 10% (29/290) for C. trachomatis and 2.4% (7/290) for N. gonorrhoeae. Most of the positive patients had specimens that were reactive in all assays (20/29 for C. trachomatis; 6/7 for N. gonorrhoeae). Four patients had double infections. The sensitivities and specificities of the various tests for the specimens tested were as follows. For C. trachomatis on L-Pap, sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 98.1%, respectively, for ACT, 93.1 and 98.8% for AC2, 86.2 and 91.2% for AMP, and 72.4 and 92.7% for PT. For N. gonorrhoeae on L-Pap, sensitivity and specificity were 100% for both AGC and AC2, 85.7 and 100% for AMP, and 85.7 and 100% for PT. For AC2 with CSs, sensitivity and specificity were 93.1 and 98.5%, respectively, for C. trachomatis, and both were 100% for N. gonorrhoeae. There were significant differences in sensitivity and specificity (P < 0.001). The APTIMA assays were more sensitive and specific than AMP or PT for detecting women's C. trachomatis and/or N. gonorrhoeae infections by testing ThinPrep samples.

Solitary thoracic intradural extramedullary plasmacytoma.

The bodies of the vertebrae are common locations for plasma cell diseases such as multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma. Secondary invasion of the epidural space is infrequent but can cause neurological symptoms. Spinal cord compression due to pure intradural plasma cell infiltration is very rare. The authors report a 25-year-old woman who developed a progressive difficulty in walking due to a solitary spinal dural plasmacytoma. This is the first reported example in the English language literature of a purely intradural spinal plasmacytoma in a patient without other myelomatous lesions. An entirely intradural solitary plasmacytoma has a relatively better prognosis.

Manifestaciones oftalmológicas del síndrome de Carney / Ocular findings in Carney complex

Caso clínico: El Complejo de Carney (CNC) es un raro síndrome multineoplásico, autosómico dominante; caracterizado por presentar mixomas, lesiones pigmentadas en la piel, tumores endocrinos y manifestaciones oculares. Discusión: Analizamos los signos oftalmológicos de este síndrome, los cuales suelen preceder al componente más serio del mismo, el mixoma cardíaco

Case report: Carney complex (CNC) is a multiple neoplasia syndrome, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, characterized by myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation, endocrine tumors and ophthalmic abnormalities. Discussion: We report the ocular findings which usually precede the most serious component of the complex, the cardiac myxoma

[Multiple penetrating brain injuries caused by a nail gun: a case report]. / Heridas múltiples penetrantes intracraneales causadas por pistola de clavos: caso clínico.

Multiple and self-inflicted penetrating brain injuries (PBI) rare. PBI are rare. We report the case of multiple self-inflicted PBI in a 45 year old man caused by a nail gun. He was admitted to after shooting four nails into his head and one into his thorax. We review the literature on the topic and describe how this case was successfully managed in our hospital.

[Ocular findings in Carney complex]. / Manifestaciones oftalmológicas del síndrome de Carney.

CASE REPORT: Carney complex (CNC) is a multiple neoplasia syndrome, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, characterized by myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation, endocrine tumors and ophthalmic abnormalities. DISCUSSION: We report the ocular findings which usually precede the most serious component of the complex, the cardiac myxoma.

Genetic heterogeneity in supratentorial and infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumours of the central nervous system.

AIMS: Medulloblastoma (MB), a kind of infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), is the most frequent malignant brain tumour in childhood. In contrast, supratentorial PNET (sPNET) are very infrequent tumours, but they are histologically similar to MB, although they present a worse clinical outcome. We investigated the differences in genetic abnormalities between sPNET and MB. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed 20 central PNET (14 MB and six sPNET) by conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in order to determine whether a different genetic profile for each tumour exists. Isochromosome 17q was detected in four of the 14 MB cases, but not in any sPNET. Gains at 17q and 7 happened more frequently in MB, and those at 1q in sPNET. Losses at chromosome 10 were detected only in MB, while losses at 16p and 19p happened more frequently in sPNET. A new amplification site, on 4q12, was detected in two MB. CONCLUSIONS: Central PNET are a heterogeneous group of tumours from the genetic point of view. The present and previous data, together with further results from larger series, might contribute to the establishment of specific treatments for supratentorial and infratentorial PNET.

Linfoma cerebral primario: revisión bibliográfica y experiencia en el Hospital de Navarra en los últimos 5 años (2000-2004) / Primary CNS lymphoma: bibiographical review and experience at the Hospital of Navarre in the las 5 years (2000-2004)

El linfoma cerebral primario (PCNSL, “Primary CNS Lymphoma”) es un linfoma no Hodgkin agresivo que se origina en el sistema nervioso central sin evidencia de linfoma en otra localización en el momento del diagnóstico. Los linfomas cerebrales primarios son menos conocidos y caracterizados que sus homólogos los linfomas sistémicos, por tratarse de una entidad poco frecuente hasta hace unas décadas. Sin embargo, el gran ascenso de incidencia que está experimentando esta patología en las últimas tres décadas y que aún no ha sido explicado, hace necesario la existencia de más estudios para conocer mejor la etiopatogenia de esta entidad. Gracias a los nuevos regímenes de tratamiento, el pronóstico de esta patología ha mejorado significativamente en los últimos años. Sin embargo, el tratamiento del linfoma cerebral primario continúa planteando numerosas controversias en la actualidad, debido a su elevada neurotoxicidad en los pacientes mayores de 60 años, grupo de pacientes frecuentemente afectado por esta patología. Para resolver éstas y otras cuestiones se precisa ahondar en el estudio del linfoma cerebral primario y la realización de potentes ensayos clínicos

Primary cerebral lymphoma (Primary CNS Lymphoma, PCNSL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in the central nervous system without evidence of lymphoma in any other localization at the time of diagnosis. Primary cerebral lymphomas are less well-known and are characterized than their homologues the systemic lymphomas, as they are an entity whose frequency was scarce until a few decades ago. However, the great rise in incidence that this pathology has undergone over the last three decades, and which is still unexplained, makes more studies necessary to better understand the etiopathology of this entity. Thanks to the new systems of treatment, the prognosis of this pathology has improved significantly in recent years. Nonetheless, treatment of primary cerebral lymphoma continues to give rise to numerous controversies at present due to its high neurotoxicity in patients over 60 years of age, a group of patients frequently affected by this pathology. To resolve these and other questions it is necessary to deep in the study of primary cerebral lymphoma and to carry out high quality clinical trials

[Primary CNS Lymphoma: bibliographical review and experience at the Hospital of Navarre in the last 5 years (2000-2004)]. / Linfoma cerebral primario: revisión bibliográfica y experiencia en el Hospital de Navarra en los últimos 5 años (2000-2004).

Primary cerebral lymphoma (Primary CNS Lymphoma, PCNSL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in the central nervous system without evidence of lymphoma in any other localization at the time of diagnosis. Primary cerebral lymphomas are less well-known and are characterized than their homologues the systemic lymphomas, as they are an entity whose frequency was scarce until a few decades ago. However, the great rise in incidence that this pathology has undergone over the last three decades, and which is still unexplained, makes more studies necessary to better understand the etiopathology of this entity. Thanks to the new systems of treatment, the prognosis of this pathology has improved significantly in recent years. Nonetheless, treatment of primary cerebral lymphoma continues to give rise to numerous controversies at present due to its high neurotoxicity in patients over 60 years of age, a group of patients frequently affected by this pathology. To resolve these and other questions it is necessary to deep in the study of primary cerebral lymphoma and to carry out high quality clinical trials.